International symposium on downy mildew of maize by hiroshi fuji department of plant pathology and entomology, national institute of agricultural science downy mildew is one of the most impor tant diseases of maize, sugarcane, and sor ghum in tropical and subtropical countries. Disease resistance in maize and the role of molecular. Downy mildew on maize tends to cause yellow streaking down the fibrous leaves. A good alternative is to use a slowrelease fertilizer. Cultural practices plant in sunny areas as much as possible, provide good air circulation, and avoid applying excess fertilizer. Maize downy mildew 227 common name sugarcane downy mildew scientific name peronosclerospora sacchari distribution asia, africa nigeria only, oceania. Area under the powdery mildew curve was negatively correlated falls of 1985 and 1986 to determine yield. Ten downy mildew diseases are known on maize caused by two genera viz. It has determinate growth habit and the shoot terminates into the inflorescences bearing staminate or pistillate flowers generally protandrous, that is, the male flower matures earlier than the female flower. Introduction maize zea mays l is the most important and most widely distributed cereal in the world after wheat and rice. In india, where the brown stripe downy mildew pathogen was first discovered, yield losses from brown stripe downy mildew range from 20 to 90% 3.
These are two of several downy mildew diseases that occur in china, india, indonesia, nepal, pakistan. Out of these, sorghum downy mildew and brown stripe downy mildew are common in our country. Infected seed, biological culture, or a small amount of infected crop. Serious downy mildews of maize in asia include peronosclerospora sorghi sorghum downy mildew. The most effective and efficient way of managing losses due to dm is to develop durable hostplant resistance in asian maize across different dm pathogens. Multiple disease resistance in maize randall wisser 1, rebecca nelson 2, judith kolkman 2, ellie walsh 2, margaret smith 3, junyun yang 4 peter balintkurti1 1 usdaars, dept of plant pathology, north carolina state university, raleigh, nc 276957616, 2 dept. Pdf unraveling the genetic diversity of maize downy. The temporal and spatial development of local lesions of sdm on sorghum in zimbabwe was investigated by assessing the local lesion. Disease and insect pest management in maize agropedia. Watch for mildew in fields receiving greater than 70 lb n per acre. The main season of maize cultivation is rainy season and hence prone to many diseases and pests. The disease is caused by an oomycete or water mould, not a fungus. Jayaraman department of genetics and plant breeding, agricultural engineering college and research institute, tamil nadu agricultural university, kumulur, trichy 621 712, india abstract in the present study diallel analysis was adopted and nine parents were crossed in all. Sorghum downy mildew peronosclerospora sorghi, sdm is a damaging disease of sorghum and maize crops in africa.
In the early 1990s, scientists in brazil became concerned about the growing spread of unidentified maize diseases in the crops major production areas. Maize and sorghum are the major cereal crops in south omo and segen peoples zone. Executive summary philippine downy mildew of maize pdm, caused by the oomycete peronosclerospora philippinensis and brown stripe downy mildew bsdm caused by sclerophthora rayssiae var. Forming linear or irregular whitish yellow to pale spots, often entirely discolouring the leaves and deforming the host. The pathogen bsdm is caused bysclerophthora rayssiaevar. It has multiple, fast life cycles in a growing season and can be very hard to control once it is established, so strategies are outlined below to avoid or treat early infection. Sdm and rajasthan downy mildew perenosclerospora heteropogoni. Recovery plan for philippine downy mildew and brown stripe. Sweet corn is the taste of summer, but if you grow it in your garden, you could lose your crop to pests or disease. Host plants beans, crucifers, cucurbits, maize, potato, tomato, rice, and a wide range of herbaceous and woody plants.
The management of important disease and pests are briefly discussed below. It depends on the type of downy mildew, and there are a lot. Brown stripe downy mildew sclerophthora rayssiae var. Choose hybrid varieties with known resistance to maize downy mildew. Brown stripe downy mildew of corn plant management. Yes, i wish to receive product andor promotional communications. Crop loss sorghum downy mildew is particularly destructive be. Threat specific contingency plan plant health australia.
Maize zea mays is the most widely produced grain in the united states. Biological control of downy mildew of maize caused by. Drought tolerant gm maize importation and field trials of drought tolerant gm maize into south africa monsanto have been granted permits permit no. Downy mildew on corn, rice, wheat sclerophthora spp. Bisi international, tbk, kedirieast java, indonesia. Powdery mildew diseases are caused by many different species of fungi in the order erysiphales, with podosphaera xanthii a. Identification of downy mildew resistance gene candidates by. If you want to stay informed by email, please let us know by checking the box below.
Epidemiology of downy mildew diseases of maize, sorghum and pearl millet based on a paper presented at the international conference on the graminaceous downy mildew diseases 28 november3 december 1979, bellagio, italy bonde, 1980b. Do not plant maize close to sugarcane in case of crosscontamination. Epidemiology of downy mildew diseases of maize, sorghum. Maize streak virus msv maize stripe maize chlorotic stripe, maize hoja blanca maize stripe virus. Disease can be both stubble borne and carried over on green bridge, and management strategies include. Thurston slide number 44 date site hosts disease name. Sorghum downy mildew of maize is a disease of great destructive potential because systemically infected plants seldom produce an ear. Research efforts can be targeted to address both yield potential and onfarm yields by reducing the impacts of abiotic and biotic constraints. A variety of dm strains have been reported, and the resistance to them is polygenically controlled. Nitrogen not only promotes tiller formation, causing dense stands, but also increases the susceptibility of the crop. Downy mildew disease, caused by peronosclerospora sorghi, is one of the most serious diseases of maize. Unraveling the genetic diversity of maize downy mildew in. The disease is extremely serious worldwide and has emerged as a major problem in irrigated crops in the sahel.
Symptom and sign the young head, enclosed in the boot, is usually completely replaced by a large smut gall covered by a thick whitish membrane. The scientific and technical content of this document is current to the date published and all efforts. Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that affects a wide range of plants. Downy mildew on sorghum and corn peronosclerospora spp. White stripes of maize downy mildew, caused by peronosclerospora sacchari. Chlorotic streaks appear on the leaf and white fungus growth is seen on both the surfaces of leaf. Nafziger encyclopedia of life support systems eolss 1.
Assessment on major diseases of maize, sorghum, coffee haricot bean, mung bean and cow pea was undertaken at south omo zone south ari, and benatsemay woreda and segen peoples zone konsso woreda. Optimal conditions for corn growth also are optimal for late wilt infection. The major and economically important maize diseases reported are gray leaf spot, northern leaf blight, southern leaf blight, banded leaf and sheath blight, ear rot, stalk rot, head smut, common rust, downy mildew and brown spot. Amusa and others published control of downy mildew disease of maize in forest agroecologies of southern nigeria. Therefore, in order to streamline the future direction of maize research in. Downy mildew on sweet corn is one of these diseases, a fungal infection that can stunt plants and reduce or destroy the harvest. Sweet corn downy mildew control managing downy mildew on.
The present study was aimed at detailed genetic analysis of resistance to two downy mildew pathogens of maize, sorghum downy mildew perenosclerospora sorghi. A reference source for seed technologists part 1 diseases that are seedborne and seed transmitted fungi anthracnose black bundle black kernel rot black mold brown stripe downy mildew crazy top diplodia ear and stalk rot fusarium stalk and ear rot fusarium stalk and root rot horses tooth java downy mildew nigrospora ear rot. Powdery mildew thrives where high rates of nitrogen have been used. Sclerophthora macrospora is the only downy mildew pathogen on maize under growing conditions in slovenia. Whether you grow ornamental plants or fruits and vegetables, there are forms of downy mildew which might develop in your garden. Downy mildew on grasses and millet sclerospora spp. Bacterial leaf blight of rice kills seedlings and destroys the leaves of older plants.
Conferring resistance to downy mildew in maize zea mays l. This is a title only record which contains no abstract. Spore masses of maize downy mildew, peronosclerospora sacchari, on the white stripes centre. Runs analysis was used to study the distribution of systemically infected sorghum and maize plants in nigeria and zimbabwe. Varying effectiveness of metalaxyl fungicides and disease incidences caused by downy mildew to maize in several places in indonesia led to the speculation that genetic variation of peronosclerospora species in indonesia exists. Pacific pests and pathogens fact sheet maize downy mildew 227 common name sugarcane downy mildew scientific name peronosclerospora sacchari distribution. Use a correct and balanced fertilization program with proper levels of n, p and k.
Nearly 32 million hectares of land were planted to maize in 2005 1. Hence, we employed two molecular marker systems, namely ssr simple sequence repeat and ardra amplified ribosomal dna restriction analysis markers, to study the. Infection of maize or other hosts is only considered where deemed necessary, particularly if information is lacking on a particular aspect for sorghum. Maize streak, maize stripe and maize mosaic virus diseases qj in the tropics africa and islands h in the indian ocean impact of maize virus diseases and current research vectors and epidemiology maize virus diagnosis and maize streak virus variability maize resistance and breeding dossier prepared by f. Among the various maize diseases, downy mildews assume considerable importance in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Unraveling the genetic diversity of maize downy mildew in indonesia rudy lukman1, ahmad afifuddin1 and thomas lubberstedt2 1biotech department of pt. Downy mildew dm is a major disease of maize that causes signi. Downy mildew dm is one of the most destructive diseases of maize in the humid subtropical and tropical regions of asia.
Effects of powdery mildew, triadimenol seed treatment, and triadimefon foliar sprays on yield of winter wheat in north carolina. Sorghum downy mildew sdm of maize is caused by the oomycete peronosclerospora sorghi weston and uppal c. Shaw, an obligate pathogen that cannot be cultured in the laboratory. Wheat plots were established in central and eastern north carolina in the yields. If you plant more susceptible varieties, you may need to take control measures. Managing powdery mildew in wheat agriculture and food. Affected plants become stunted and exhibit bushy appearance due to shortening of internodes. Maize rough dwarf nanismo ruvido maize rough dwarf virus mrdv maize sterile stunt maize sterile stunt virus strains of barley yellow striate virus maize streak. Downy mildew has been the most menacing disease of corn in tropical and sub tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Maize tassel abortion maize tassel abortion virus mtav maize vein enation. The distribution and spread of sorghum downy mildew in. Downy mildew dmresistant maize was selected from five cultivars using a spreader row technique. Knowing how to prevent downy mildew in corn and how to control an infection if you see it in your garden is important. Assessment of important plant disease of major crops.
Philippine downy mildew of maize perenosclerospora philippensis and. Although this disease is quite common in south africa, plants showing these symptoms are normally fairly sparse. Stay informed about pannar products, services and other offerings. In 1959 it has been found in nasice croatia for the first time. Genetic analysis of resistance to sorghum downy mildew and. Unesco eolss sample chapters soils, plant growth and crop production vol.
Disease and insect pest management in maize maize is one of the most important grain crops in the world. Basal rot with lower internodes becoming soft and slimy. Disease resistance in maize and the role of molecular breeding in defending against global threat f farhan ali 1,2 and jianbing yan. Maize streak, maize stripe and maize mosaic virus diseases. Effects of powdery mildew, triadimenol seed treatment, and. Powdery mildew is a fungal leaf disease that reduces yield and grain quality in susceptible wheat varieties. A new race race t of the southern corn leaf blight pathogen cochliobolus heterostrophus emerged in 1969 that was. Sphaerotheca fuliginea being the most commonly reported cause. November 2008 powdery mildew on vegetables melons, peas, pumpkins, and squash.
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